rVy JoMEMORANDUM
w4
THE "NEW COURSE" AND THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR74
Tins TteaHw^cfaWADjs ^formation affecting
NATIONALHE-WOTED STATESMEANING OF THE ESPtONftCE UWS^rTflTTo w
,r^
WHICH ItjUK-WaJTm-ZQ AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON Ii
raoimrmvn by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Office of Research and Reports
t'age
Summary 1
I. Recent Announcements of Policy 3
Ji
Satellites 6
People*n 7
Current Situation
China
People's
Probable Results of the "New
of Success .
TrendE .
lh
Appendix
Sources and Rvaluation of Sources . .
FOSlM-.'O-il)
1ur! .inS t0 livestock haveajor role inrying forms for the USSR, the Euro-
pean SatelUtes, and the Mongolian People's Republic. The Mongolianepublic is included In this intelligence memorandum because
thatthe 0SSR; the anloal
S ^ mainspring of its economy; and the Republic exports con-
hina, and
This memorandum deals with the various actions that have been taken recently by the Soviet Bloc governments with respect to livestock, the probable success of these measures, the probable consumption levels for livestock products, and future trends of livestock numbers and supplies of livestock products.
The over-all margin df error in the estimates made herein Isto be0 percent, but in the case of individualmay bo somewhat
Tables
Livestock Numbers in the Soviot Bloc,
Prevar
Numbers, USSR: Comparison of October
and Januarynd Goals for
* and January
Per Capita Meat and Milk Availability
by Areas of tbe Soviet Bloc,,
and io
I
CIA/RR
TEE "fflW COURSE" AKD THE LIVESTOCK INOTSTRY H* THE SOVIET BLOC*
The Sovietxcluding Comnunist China, hasnew course- in agriculture. The stated purpose of this action is to raise the living standards in the various countries. ajor initial objective of the new emphasis on agriculture is tothe economic and technical conditions under which the livestock industry operates. Emphasis on the animal industry is to be expected, since that industry is tbe main source of those foodsmeats and dairy productshich are high in protein and fat. The present diet in most areas of the Bloc is dominated by foods high in carbohydratesfoods such as cereals and potatoes.
By the middle3 the USSR recognized that the livestockrequired special remedial measures. Hot only had totalbut the accelerated industrial development throughoutBloc was accompanied by increases in nonfarm populations. USSR, the per capita availability ofuring the13 throughI* is estimated to have beenwhich contrasts sharply withilograms per capita level wasercent below
ilograms availableercent belowvailability ofilograms. In tbe European Satellites,verage per capita availability of meat wasercont below thatndercent below prewar levels. The Communist regimes apparently recognized that supplies of meat were too short to serve as incentives to greater labor output.
Soviet officials, in speeches in September and Octobernnounced the "newart or which was designed to increase the output of tbe livestock industry. Adjustments vere to be made inquotas, prices were to become more attractive,umber of other concessions were to be made.
Tne estimates and conclusions contained in this memorandumthe best Judgment of the responsible analyst as' Throughout this memorandum the Soviet Bloc incLudes the USSR, thc European Satellites, Communist China, and the Mongolian People's Republic; it does not include Horth Korea, Sikaog. Tibet, or the Soviet Zone of Austria-
*** The estimates do not include slaughter fats, fat cuts, or bacon.
The Eurapean Satellites, beg1.nnl.ae with East Germany inlso initiated the "new course." Their programs, although similar in certain respects to the one announced by the USSR, voro not so The concessions granted and the incentives offered uere not so favorable for increasing livestock numbers, total production, or deliveries to the government. InU the Mongolian People's Republic announced reductions in compulsory delivery quotas andin purchase prices for quota and above-quota deliveries. Other provisions similar to the program of tbc USSR vera also made.
Decrees implementing these policy changes were released too lateany appreciable effect on livestock numbers carried over intowinter. It is possible, however, that the "new course'" mayin larger quantities being delivered or sold to thethough total production changes little. Heretofore, largeof meat and dairy products have been consumed by theor sold dlroctly to consumers without going through
It is to be noted that any buildup of livestock numbers oust be associated vith increased availability of feed. In most parts of the Soviet Bloc, feed supplies and governmental policies have been factors limiting thc numbers of livestock carried on collective farms and by individual households. With sufficient incentives to convince farmers that they can benefit by increasing their livestock holdings, together vith increased feed, and improved management, livestock numbers and productivity could increase considerablyeriod of years. Within thc "framework of the implementing decrees, however, and taking intothc limited potential availability of fcedstuffs as veil as tbc constantly increasing population, it is probable that the animal industries of the varioua countries of the Soviot Bloc vlll be able to do little more than maintain the present lev levels of pur capitaof its products. It is doubtful vhether the prewar levels of meat and dairy productsational per capita basis in some of thc Bloc countries can oven be regained, much leoo increased.
I- Recent Announcements of Policy Changes.
Livestock numbers in the Soviet Bloc sharply declined during World War II, particularly in those parts of the Bloc countries in which war was actually being waged. After Worldhereelatively rapid recovery in livestock numbers until thee. Thereafter, unfavorable weather and unpopular measures designed to collectivize farming in the European Satellites and to increase the socialization of the animal industry in the DSSR resultedeveling off and, in some instances, in an actual reduction of livestock numbers-
It became ovident in3 that, in contrast to earlierthe numbers of cattle and swine the main meat-producing categories of livestockere lower than thoseear earlier for the Soviet Blochole. Estimated livestock numbers in the Soviet Bloc, prewar,2re shown ln Table 1.
Table 1
Estimated Livestock Numbers in the Soviet Bloc PrewarS/
Million Head
and Buffalo
*
and Goats
A
These estimates apply toeriodsanuary to spring and are based on earlier CIA estimates. livestock numbers in Poland have been adjustedanuary basis, and buffalo are included for Bulgaria.
With reductions Inubstantial decrease ineat availability vas apparent. esult all the Soviet Blocexcept- that of Csmmunist China, successively from3 on,
announced new programs granting concessions to the individual andfarmers. Thene programs were designed to provide incentives for increasing livestock production und deliverlea and sales to the government. Coirrn.in.lBt China has made do public announcements of major changes ln agricultural policy.
A. USSR.
In the USSR the actual docronne in cows and total cattle numbersomparedccurredime when the weather and crop conditions had been reasonably favorable and the government vas planning on large increases ln livestock numbers and output. The Fifth Tearad called for very Large increases in livestock numbers6 and in meat and dairy products itercentage increases0 were to be as follows! cattle, lflwine, fc5heep,orses,eat,nd
The situation which'the USSR faced3 ms> along with tbe increasingeneral stagnation in agricultural production. With the sudden downturn in cattle numbers, the Soviet governmentnot only that the Fifth"Five, Year Plan for livestock (except horseu) wan unattainable, but also that there mightutureln the supply of meat and dairy products. This recognition broughteries of decrees, speeches, and other propaganda, beginning inll of vhich emphasized thc adverse situation in the livestock industry. Hew goals for Livestock numbers and output ofproducts were issued, and statements of what must be dona totho conditions of the livestock industry were made. Publicity was given in thc central and provincial press and radio, cmpha.nl7.ing both tho national livestock situation and the situation in the republics or local areas and specifying the help which vould be given.
3 decrees authorized certain definite measures that, if successfully put Into effect, would* land to strengthen the animal Those measures include the following: arge increase in procurement prices over the previous very low prices for compulsory deliveries ond for above-quotarovision for increasedof grass and hay and increased availability of livestock feed to collectivelimination of tax on private holdings of (a) establishment of fixed per-hectare norms for compulsory deliveriesolicy that these norms be adhered to rather than that targets be raised for leading collectivencreasedol' consumer goods to agriculturalrovision of
- fc -
buildingmprovement of veterinaryof delivery quotas for certain classes ofomewhat reduced rates of compulsory deliveries from individual holdings;) provision of additional help in the form of experts, machinery, and equipment. Machine Tractor Stations were charged with the task of seeing that many of these measures were successfully put into effect.
Large-scale efforts were to bc made to increase grain acreage and production by plowing new land and presently unused land. Low-yielding grasslands were also to be used for grain production in many cases. These measures were to provide increased supplies of grain for human consumption and also feed for livestock in both the collective herds and the livestock of collective farmers.
Soviet claims of livestock output generally do not relate to the total quantity of products available for consumption, but only to the output processed by the government and passed through statechannels. The decision of the Council of Ministries and the Central Committee of the CPSO "On the Increasing Production of Pood-stuffs and Improving their Quality" claimed large increases in the production of basic foodstuffs in tbe period03 aod gave plans* These claims and plans related to quantities of meat processed by the state. 3 this amounted toillion metric tons of meat (includingutotal carcass weight supply, (indigenous* and imported)illionr aboutercent.. Efforts have been and are being made to increase the share of total production that moves through stateonsiderable part of thc meat (aboutercent, milk, and other dairy products consumed by nonproducers was sold by collective forms and farmers directly to the consumer. An .'even larger shore was consumed on theercent for meat.
This estimate is based on reported percentagendbases The total meat supply includes beef and veal, pork, mutton, lamb, and goat meat on the basis of carcass weight (including slaughter fats, fat cuts, and bacon).
This estimate is based on official Soviet estimatesdeliveries of livestock to the stated and production for theIA estimate of total live weight of neat produetion.
'> -
B- European Satellites.
ernanythe "rst Satellite to
eneral change in agricultural policy. Hungary
rttZi unanIa ongariana Poland in late* livestock were revealed in most cases after
wre^^iarI?iIly'han6Cthe provisions
were similar in many cases to those of the USSR, in no case were the nev program so extensive nor did they, provide asn th^way 2?
8 that annOUnced bv themphasis on socialized livestock has generally been relaxed, vith sow conces-
nCreaES iD thS?Sff emphasis on socialized livestock
for, live-
r uct^rs*
* oercenf 2compSsory delivery quotas for livestock and livestock products onunTiq^!/
Sduce?rirSaPothee}rry quotas for2*
^, 3 I' Similar adjustments probably were made in other Satellites. Throughout the European Satellited
faVOTed the -llecti""ve; the
Various concessions, and incentives which have been applied in different countries and for different products include- (l) increa-efl
riefand saleHr^e
:sh Qdvanccs:ncentives for concluding contract arrangements;ssurances that delivery quotas u'll not be rai-ed in the next year orncreased aval LbioS.
eter^rVaTd?
fiher vith decreeHtine the "newewn^LS^lr?the European Satellites.
were pTst Tell, V SP "'^ in
6 -
MS i',ulgaria, together
c* Mongolian People's Republic.
It uaii not until March and*ew livontock program was unnounced in the Mongolian People's Republic. Thin program, in providing Tor large increases in procurement and purchase prices, tho cancellation rof those deliveries vhlch vere in arrears, and tho waiving of certain taxes, vas very similar to corresponding sections of tho Soviet pro gran. 8/
II. Current Situation.
In the past. Communist programs affecting the livestock industry generally have traded to depress the industry rather than encourage it. Compulsory deliveries of livestock aad livestock products at extrenely low prices and collectivization are characteri^Eic of past policies. With the "new course" and the decrees implementing it, there appears to be some relaxation of these depressing measures. In general, however, the Implementing decreea have tended to fall short of what might have been expected from the original speeches and promises.
In moat urnoa of tho Soviet Bloc, Increased supplies of desired items havtt been promised for the rural areas as an incentive forover larger quantities of agricultural products to the government. In some canon, particularly with collective farms, oalea to theunder contract have beenequirement for obtaining such items as trucks and. building and maintenance materials. Such me an urea may be increasing sales to the government of products that might other-vise have been consumed on the farm or sold on thc free market. It is doubtful, however, that such goods are being made available inquantity to bring sales to the government to the desired levels.
A- USSR.
Since tho number of livestock to be held through the winter is determined primarily by the amount of feed available, tho pro groan implemented by thc USSR were too late toignificant effect on the numbers of livestock carried through thc winter or on the total meat or milk production during the consumption3 through* Moreover, the USSR appears to have underestimated the difference in livestock numbersctober and thcanuary, particularly for hogs, since the reported numbers3 are already considerably above the* goal for swine andercent below* goal for cattle. omparison of October and Junuury, and goals for* and
6 ure given In Table 2.
Table 2
Livestock Nuobers, USSR: Comparison of October and Januarynd Goals for* and6
Thousand Head
and Goats
/ b/1 cj
/2 c/
/3 d/
/
o
oal g/
500
oal h/
"too
ctober are arrived at on thc basis of theanuary numbers and tho estimated disappearance during the last quarter, b. There has been no goal announced for horsesctober basis.
estimate.
The Increases that occurred in total livestock numbers from2 to3 are believed to be considerably less than
the increases claimed for collective ond state farm livestock. It is probable that the long-run trend toward increasing the proportion of total livestock that is tn the socialised herds continued2 or at least until October. If the recent decrees are carried out, there mayhort-run reversal of the trend toward the increased proportion of state-owned livestock. Collective farmers and othor Individuals may be given sufficient incentive so that their individual holdings may show some increase in proportion to the total livestock holdings.
The total meat production*acillion tons.** Thia was slightly lean thanillion tons estimated for Total milk productions estimated at5 million tons, slightly aore than theillion tonsear "earlier." On the other hand, the USSRpercent increase in thc quantity of meat processed by the government3 ss compared The total meat processed by the state3 Is computed asillion metric They alsopercent increase for sausageercont for butter,ercent forercent for whole milk, andercent for condensed milk. Thus, although total meat production, estimatedillion metric tons, declined belowevel ofillion tons, and totalproduction increased slightly, the USSR claimed large increases in the quantities of these products processed by state enterprises. Thin ia possible and may well have occurred, Bince more than half of the total production of meat and milk Is distributed and consumedgoing through government channels. The proportion of theseactually under state control is believed to have increased3 in line with the long-rangeof tho Soviet government tothe state control over the sale of agricultural products.
The averugp per capita availability of livestock, comparednd. Theaverage availability2 kilograms of meat per personercent belowverage2 kilogramsercent belowvailability ofilograms as Indicated in Tablehe per capita availability of ml'k equivalentas aboutilograms per This ie onlylower thai
* Beef and veal, pc-rk, mutton, Iamb, and goat meat is Included on the basis of carcass weight.
** These estimate* are explained in Vtf. .. Thisawi on percentage Otaufli givenndbases
Hot inrluding milk equiva.ent of creamery butter
9 -
level,ercent belowstimateilograms. Estimated per capita meat and milk availubility in the Soviet Bloc,.s given in Table 3-
Table 3
Estimated Per Capita Meat and Milk Availability by Areas of thc Soviet Bloc,
Meat
a/
b/
Satellites a/
China a/
People's Republic
d/ '
e/
g/
Equivalent h/
i/
Satellites i/ J/
k/
1/
fj
s/
Kot including slaughter fats, fat cuts, or bacon. Estimates are taken directly from or based. b- -
c. omplete food balance has not bees worked out for this area but
per capita availability is probably considerablyilogri per person.
are generally carcass weigh! basis but exclude.
-
Table 3
Estimated per Capita Meat and Milk Availability by Areas of tbe Soviet Bloc.
(Continued)
b. Does not include milk, used for creamery butter production. for Communist China and Mongolian People's Republic are not available.
i. Estimates are taken directly froa or based. j. Hot including Albania, k. .
1. verage.
In addition to the efforts to increase both production andof highly desired foods, the USSR has been and is continuing to increase rapidly the production of dried milk. Efforts are also being made to import dried milk, vhich can bo used in cooking or baking to enrich and improve the product. Although it can be reconverted for use as liquid milk, dried milk has not proved toighly desired consumer item such as meat, butter, and cheese. Therefore, it appears .that the primary purpose which the USSR has in mind with respect to dried milk is raising the protein level of the Soviet diet.
B. European Satellites.
The decrees Implementing the "new course" in the European Satellites came late3 and in many cases did not take effect They were not, however, extensive enough to have caused any rapid changes in livestock numbers or output. In many cases, thc state is furnishing feed to farmers at reduced prices, provided their livestock and livestock products are delivered to the state marketing organizations- Credit has been made more readily available tocooperatives, and individuals for obtaining livestock, feed, and facilities. In addition, ar. increusod amount of veterinary care is being provided to individual farmers and to group organizations. These incentives were believed to have had only limited success in diverting larger deliveries Of livestock and livestock productse governments from free markets and home consumption.
he average consumption of neat in6 kilograms per person, abouti kilograms andercentthe pre-
war estimate0 kilograms. These consumption figures makeJ?r I and changes in stocks. East Germany and Czechoslovakia have been net importers of meat while the other European batcllites have shown net exports.
aPita availability of milk equivalent* for the European Satellites (not including Albania) wasilograms, s
SsTt^rL 3ercent
less than the prewar estimate ofilograms.
C. Communist China.
. China has done little to encourage thehas issued propaganda relating to the need
w I the feed supply for livestock. The aid
which the government is giving has been limited largely to credits and
ign together
assistance can gradually improve the efficiency of the
^VV Pl0Snmhe short run. on the other hand, the collectivization drive in China may have anadversc effect on livestock numbers, particularlyZlT Experiencethe other Satellite countries indicates that animals are
byPeasants UQder ^nditions of in" tensified collectivization.
i
rrr^livery norms for slaughter livestock
Z^tT not appear to have been established, tbe
mrXhTJh^i" quantltles of euch Pr^ts through purchase, it is
sh
its control
tively low price, since in many areas the government is the onlylivest0cJc Products which the Chinese peasant may wi
to sell. There are many areas where the government -
D- Mongolian People's Republic.
of the Mongolian People's Republic is primarily
tSK^^ii ^ ti0n- strateeic value of agricultureln this area Is the export of slaughter animals to the USSR, 'mis livestock
*" Hot including milk equivalent of creamery butter.
over consumer goods to obtain livestock products.
ii! slaughtered primarily at Ulan-Ude, which has one of the largestplants in the USSR.
ivestock in the Mongolian People's Republic5 million Figures released prior4 indicated that livestock numbers9 were about ot Inwith the annouacementfl of thc new program for livestock and new livestock goals, however, failures have been admitted, and in4 it was stated that1 level had not yet been
4 goal has been announced calling3 million, with the prewar level to be reached by the end Bither livestock numbers have decreased sharplyr9 figures were false. In either case, livestock numbers ore considerably below tho prewar levelountry that was not directly affected'by war. It is probable that large numbers of livestock were exported to the USSR during World War H, which may have resulted in low livestock numbers in the middle ands. It may be that governmentack of sufficient incentives, and large exports have continued to hold down livestock numbers.
Probable Results of the "Hew Course."
Both short-run and long-run effects of the "new course" onnumbers and output of livestock products in the Soviet Bloc must be considered. Although the following remarks do not constitute an estimate of the maximum levels that may be obtained nor embody aof needed or desired levels of production, they forecast the nature of changes in production and consumption that are most likely to occur Underlying the forecastonsideration of such factors as-weather and crop conditions, feed supplies, governmental programs relating to collectivization, compulsory delivery and price conditions, availability of consumer goods, and management practices.
A. Test of Success.
If the programs implemented by the USSR, the Europeanand the Mongolian People's Republic are successful in increasing the level of livestock production, thc earliest time that significant changes might be erident would be the winter- The livestock numbers carried through thc winter could be increased considerably at the expense of livestock slaughter.
It isonger period of time that tlie real test of the success of the livestock programs oust be made. The programs can be
Judged successful only if,eriodoears, thc average per capita consumption of livestock products is increased tohigher levels than those prevailing at the present time.
B. Probable Trends.
, ProniseBincreased availability ofthe total production of meat and milk must increase atrate than that at vhich the population is increasing. Thislivestock numbers and also by increasing the
Productivity per animal. Throughout most parts of the Soviet Bloc? feed supplies and governmental policies regarding delivery quotas and prices ^ri^CnliBitIn* livestock production. With adequateeVay the farmers may bethat they can benefit by increasing their livestock holdings.
yearS Breater liTCstoc>:will result in greater
that* sufficient changes have been made in the
ollective farmers to find it advantageous to increase
their livestock considerably. Hovever, some of the peasants believe
theiriQ lose
fh-+lnof feed gralp is significantly increased in theears, production of pork should be increased. The effect on milk, beef, and veal production is less definite, since some roughage-producing areas may be taken out of production. Although these
Ubtm Whether the Production of milk, beef, and veal vill be significantly affected.
In the European Satellites, there have not generally beenconcessions or incentives to materially affect the level of livc-
ttcHbecome available, live!
stock numbers may be increased from present levels (vhich are relatively lev, due partly to the poor feed supplies2.
agemcnt practices and government aids could increase livestock production throughout the Soviet Bloc. These include improving the general care and attention given to livestockT? aad proved quality of feed. Such measures
ner , Increased production
per head and per unit of feed.
" likeIy that COffln,unist Programs vill be Borb effective in increasing the amount of products delivered or sold to tne state than in
- I'l -
increasing livestock numbers or output. It is io tbe supplying of the increasing nonfara population with blgh-proteln roods that the Communist governments have experienced great difficulties. Many of their programs are incentives for turning over larger quantities of meat, milk, and vool to the government. Although thc quantities of meat and dairy products distributed by the various governments may increase considerably, the livestock industries of the Soviot Bloc vlll be able to do little more than to maintain the present level of consumption for the generally increasing populations.
IT. Conclusions.
There is considerable uniformity ln tbe government programs relating to livestock in the USSR, the European Satellitos, and the Mongolian People's Republic. Although there ore variations in these programs from country to country, common to all haveessening of coercion and an increased use of incentives to obtain the desired results.
Tha main factors motivating the changes in agricultural policies seem grounded in both economic and political considerations. The supply situation vas deteriorating since agricultural output had stagnated and in the livestock field vas in danger of declining. On the other hand, demand increased because increasing nonfarm populations needed high-protein foods for their general health and productivity. From apoint of vicv, the supplying of high-quality foods vould increase the prestige and nonce the stability of thc various regimes.
A great deal of publicity has been given to the governmental efforts being made to inereaso both production and Imports of highly desired food In addition to this, the primary purpose vhieh the USSR apparently has in mind vith regard to the increased production and importing of dried milk is to improve the protein level of thc diet. Although certain amounts of dried milk may be stockpiled und used by the Armed Forces, the efforts to increase supplies of this commodityeal concern on the part of thc Soviet government over the health and productivity of the people, rather thanoncern over satisfying demands for highly desired commodities.
The programs thus far instituted may result in small increases in livestock numbers in the USSR and Mongolian People's Republic, but slower progress is expected in the European Satellites. Increases in totalof livestock products will tag behind Increases in numbers. In the USSR, most of the European Sato!lies, and in in* Mongolian People's Republic, i possibly the use of more subtle methods ofthan used in the past may lead to increasing the quantities of
livestock products turned over to the state- Although the "new course" will probably result In larger supplies of livestock products being mode available to the nonfarn populations, it appears likely that the
levels within tho foreseeable future.
TO thc extent that there is concern over the prestige of the govera-nents and tbe nutritional level of theack of Sovietto wage aggressive warfare in the next fev years la Indicated. Increased nusbern of livestock serve as reserves of neat. It is doubtful that production, either actual or "on tbeill be increased enocgh in theearn to Increase significantly the Soviet capabilities to engage in aggressive warfare.
-
-
APPEHDJX SOURCES AKD EVALUATION OF SOURCES 1- Evaluation or Sources.
However unreliableauurcecr it isthat most of theon livestock in tho Soviet Bloc originates. Suchis temporarily accepted or rejected only after it is examinedLight of other available information, checked with estimatesyears, and compared with analogous situations in areas ofworld.
r
Information obtained from the US Department of Agriculture wasand reliable. Other sources of information that were utilized are included in the list given belov.
2. Sources.
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
ave the following significance:
Doc
- Documentary
-
-
reliable
-
-
reliable
-
-
reliable
-
-
usually reliable
-
-
l.iyblc
-
-
bc judged
of
Confirmed by other sources Probably true Possibly true Doubtful Probably false Cannot be Judged
document: those designated.re by thc author of tliis report. Hoevaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation on the cited document.
-
Dally Report, USSR and Eastern Europe,P- Rval- RR 3-
Eval. RR 3.
Daily Report, USSR and Eastern Europe,
P- AA 6. Official Use Only. Eval.
Dally Report, USSR and Eastern Europe,,
If*. CC 3- Official Use Only. Eval. RR 3.
5-
o. BIS, Dally Report, USSR and Eastern Europe,p.cT Official Use Only. Eval. RR1 3.
7- Lasting Peace, Eval. RH 3.
a' FMS, Economic Abstracts, Far East,. Eval.
PBIS, Daily Report, Far East,. Official Use Only. Kval- RR 3.
--
Dally Report, USSR and Eastern Europe,,
.
Pravda,anp- 2.
Scl'akoya Khozaystvo, Eval. RR
1*.
17- US Department of AgrlcuLture, Agricultural Marketing Service, The Llveotock and Meat Situation,,
CIA,
19- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, The Dairy Situation,
C- Eval. RR 3,
. Eval. RR U.
KBIS, Dally Report, Far East, l6.
RB 3.
23- BIS, Economic Abstracts, Far Eaat,val. RR 3.
Dally Report, Far East,. Eval. RR 3.
Original document.
Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: